1.+Terms+in+the+reading

//**Defined Terms in the Reading**//


 * **Agents** - Onscreen characters who help guide the learning process during an e-learning episode. Also called pedagogical agents.
 * **Animation** - A graphic that depicts movement, such as a video of a procedure or a moving sequence of line drawings.
 * **Cognitive Learning Theory** - An explanation of how people learn based on the idea of dual channels (information is processed in visual and auditory channels), limited capacity (only a small amount of information can be processed in each channel at one time), and active learning (meaningful learning occurs when learners pay attention to relevant information, organize it into a coherent structure, and integrate it with what they already know). Also called //cognitive theory// and //cognitive theory of multimedia learning//.
 * **Contiguity Principle** - People learn more deeply when corresponding printed words and graphics are placed close to one another on the screen or when spoken words and graphics are presented at the same time.
 * **Conversational Style** - A writing style that uses first- and second-person constructions, active voice, and speech-like phrases.
 * **Personalization Principle** - People learn more deeply from multimedia lessons when learners experience heightened social presence, as when a conversational script or learning agents are included.
 * **Pre-training** - People learn more deeply when lessons present key concepts prior to presenting the processes or procedures related to those concepts.
 * **Segmentation** - People learn more deeply when content is broken into small chunks and learners can control the rate at which they access the chunks. A good strategy for managing complex content that imposes considerable essential processing.
 * **Visible Author** - A personal style of writing in which the authors reveal information about themselves or about personal perspectives regarding the content.
 * **Visual Channel** - Part of the human memory system that processes information received through the eyes and mentally represented in pictorial form.
 * **Worked Example** - Step-by-step demonstration of how to solve a problem or accomplish a task.

(Clark & Mayer, 2008, p. 427).